Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) depends on controlling Aedes aegyptimosquitoes and larvae. Currently, larvicide control still uses temefos larvicide, though several studies have reported resistance. Insecticides from plants can be used as an alternative. One of the plants reported to have larvicide potency was Melaleuca leucadendraleaves. This study aimed to look at ethanol extract of M. leucadendra leaves activity in killing Aedes aegyptilarvae and LC50 values after a 24-hour examination. This type of research was Experimental Design with Post-test Only Control Group Design. M. Leucadendra leaves was extracted through maceration process using ethanol 96%. The treatments consisted of 8 concentrations of 400mg/L (0. 04%),1000mg/L (0. 1% ),1600mg/L (0. 16%),2000mg/L (0. 2%),10, 000mg/L (1%),20, 000mg/L (2%),30, 000mg/L (3%),40, 000mg/L (4%) and the control group (0%). Each concentration was replicated four times and used twentyof the third larvae A. aegypti. The results showed that M. leucadendra has a lethal ability against A. aegypti. There was a correlation between the extract concentration and the larva mortality (p=0. 000,95%). Extract concentration 0. 04-0. 2% of the extract caused mortality less than 3%, and the highest mortality (47. 5%) reached by concentration 4%. The LOGIT test showed that the number of LC50 was 3. 7% (37, 600mg/L) with 95% significance. A high concentration (>1%) of extract M. leucadendra caused turbid, greenish-gray color, and unpleasant smell on the water. Regarding the WHO bioassay guideline, etahnol extract of M. leucadendra leaves was less effective in killing Aedes aegypti larvae, though it causes lethal effect A. aegypti.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) depends on controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and larvae. Currently, larvicide control still uses temefos larvicide, though several studies have reported resistance. Insecticides from plants can be used as an alternative. One of the plants reported to have larvicide potency was Melaleuca leucadendra leaves. This study aimed to look at ethanol extract of M.leucadendra leaves activity in killing A. aegypti larvae and LC50 values ​​after a 24-h examination. This type of research was experimental design with post-test only control group design. M. leucadendra leaves was extracted through maceration process using 96% ethanol. The treatments consisted of 8 concentrations (mg L-1)  of 400 (0.04%); 1000 (0.1%); 1600 (0.16%); 2000 (0.2%); 10,000 (1%);  20,000 (2%); 30,000 (3%); 40,000 (4%) and the control group (0%). Each concentration was replicated four times and applied on twenty specimens of A. aegyptiat the third larval stage. The results showed that M.leucadendra has a lethal ability against A.aegypti. There was a correlation between the extract concentration and the larval mortality (p = 0.000; 95%). The extract concentrations of 0.04-0.2% caused <3% mortality, while the highest mortality (47.5%) achieved at the conc. of 4%. The LOGIT test showed that the number of LC50 was 3.7% (37,600 mg L-1) with 95% significance. A high concentration (>1%) of extract M. leucadendra caused turbid, greenish-gray color, and unpleasant smell on the water. Regarding the WHO bioassay guideline, etahnol extract of M. leucadendra leaves was less effective on killing A. aegypti larvae, though it causes lethal effect on it.

ABSTRACT: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) depends on controlling Aedes aegyptimosquitoes and larvae. Currently, larvicide control still uses temefos larvicide, though several studies have reported resistance. Insecticides from plants can be used as an alternative. One of the plants reported to have larvicide potency was Melaleuca leucadendraleaves. This study aimed to look at ethanol extract of M. leucadendra leaves activity in killing Aedes aegyptilarvae and LC50 values after a 24-hour examination. This type of research was Experimental Design with Post-test Only Control Group Design. M. Leucadendra leaves was extracted through maceration process using ethanol 96%. The treatments consisted of 8 concentrations of 400mg/L (0. 04%),1000mg/L (0. 1% ),1600mg/L (0. 16%),2000mg/L (0. 2%),10, 000mg/L (1%),20, 000mg/L (2%),30, 000mg/L (3%),40, 000mg/L (4%) and the control group (0%). Each concentration was replicated four times and used twentyof the third larvae A. aegypti. The results showed that M. leucadendra has a lethal ability against A. aegypti. There was a correlation between the extract concentration and the larva mortality (p=0. 000,95%). Extract concentration 0. 04-0. 2% of the extract caused mortality less than 3%, and the highest mortality (47. 5%) reached by concentration 4%. The LOGIT test showed that the number of LC50 was 3. 7% (37, 600mg/L) with 95% significance. A high concentration (>1%) of extract M. leucadendra caused turbid, greenish-gray color, and unpleasant smell on the water. Regarding the WHO bioassay guideline, etahnol extract of M. leucadendra leaves was less effective in killing Aedes aegypti larvae, though it causes lethal effect A. aegypti.

ABSTRACT The attention of contemporary planners to environmental factors and increasing awareness and communication of man with his surrounding environment has increased the layers and defining factors of design and planning concepts. In such a way, a common problem with the issue of environmental capabilities to respond was put in front of the planners. The collection of ideas presented in this era was in the form of responsive planning, focusing on the maximum use of environmental capabilities. The necessity of the emergence of a comprehensive discourse to overcome the plurality of factors, definitions and design methods in the environmental fields has been given less attention. Based on this, the current research aims to organize the leading theories in this field in a targeted manner and seeks to improve them based on their synergy. The structural question of this research is the meanings, examples and meaningful contexts of flexibility in various aspects and scales of urban planning. The research method used is qualitative thematic analysis with the help of artificial intelligence in MAXQDA software in a 6-step processing process. The important application of this research is to structure the minds of the planners of this field to reduce the scattered and interdisciplinary problems of the resources. The results of this research revealed dimensions such as identification and recognizability, diversity and changeability, adaptability and expandability, distribution, separation and continuity, organization and compatibility in the field of flexibility and related to the corresponding parts in urban planning   Extended Abstract Introduction Responsiveness-based design and planning emphasizing the maximum use of environmental capacities to meet users' needs implicitly cause a targeted improvement of environmental quality. As the environmental awareness of contemporary man has expanded and the platforms have become more diverse, many challenges are raised in the field of environment-oriented in the field of infrastructure quality and service provision. Urban developments and new developments in cities should be interpreted with integrated conceptualization. The conceptualization of interpretive flexibility in the planning and designing of public spaces in the city is used as an interdisciplinary perspective in urban space design to open and discuss its connection and potential as an approach to strengthening social cohesion and inclusion. The general definition of flexibility is that it can create places with new forms of meaning and be used for different groups to strengthen its coherence and multidisciplinary inclusion in terms of design and planning of space and body. On this basis, the concept of flexibility is proposed as a principle in the context of design and planning due to its wide range of effects on background phenomena. The history of such a role can be seen in the diversity of users' needs. In such a way, it is impossible to express the specific time and area of the need to pay attention to this concept. This is in line with Oldenburg's theory of "social public spaces," in which being in public space, communicating with people and the environment through observing the streets, sidewalks, squares, and parks of the city is a necessary step for people as a part of their social life. The meaningfulness of the design of the artificial environment was considered. In any case, in the contemporary era, on the one hand, at the same time as the quantitative and qualitative increase of human environmental awareness, there is no longer any phenomenon in the eyes of contemporary man arising from a unique aspect and range of factors. On the other hand, his life needs in the individual and collective dimensions have seen a high diversity, which has led to the formation of multiple semantic domains of past flexibility. The meaning of flexibility in such an interdisciplinary platform and basic design refers to the concept of understanding and responding quickly and efficiently to environmental changes. Such a holistic definition for this broad field of environmental design means the implicit acceptance of the role of scale in the meaningful domain of these concepts. On a macro scale, it means making design options to increase the presence, participation, and power of choices of users of the environment in participatory urban planning and design methods, and on a small scale, it means making design options to increase spatial quality and, as a result, the quality of activities. The daily activities of environmental users are through selection against the "dominant space." Flexibility at different scales is crucial for dimensional optimization, shaping, and structuring spatial features, leading to improved performance of space components and spaces. The development of the concept of "flexibility" from various studies in metropolitan to micro scales, such as interior architecture, allows it to pass the discourse of responsiveness to provide a broad approach to environmental design in which different values, interests, and priorities are prioritized. As a result, the issue of flexibility in environmental design has been raised as a multi-dimensional field in the design and planning of the basic environment. The breadth and complexity of this concept have made the researchers of this field deal with it in one or more ways, and it has been avoided to provide a comprehensive framework about the nature and structuring processes. The current research presents a structured view of flexibility in architecture and urban planning with an environmental approach.   Methodology The methodology to achieve this goal is to use the macro research method and achieve a comprehensive framework by combining categorized interpretations. In such a way that by sorting and categorizing these concepts and bases in a new way, he has found a new level of theoretical findings, which will be a suitable answer for the gaps in scientific knowledge and scientific methods created in this field. In this context, the research method "thematic analysis" has been used with a qualitative approach and the use of library resources. Also, to overcome the breadth and complexity of these concepts and the multi-layer networking of concepts in this research method, artificial intelligence has been used in MAXQDA research assistance software.   Results and discussion In the meantime, attention should also be paid to the fields of influence and application of the results of this research because designers refer to flexibility as the creator of environmental qualities, including dynamism. Also, since flexibility, along with the principles of readability and adaptability, affect the lifestyle and behavioral patterns of the audience of environmental design in architecture and urban planning, it will also be effective in dealing with the challenge of complexity in environmental design factors. One of the key questions for achieving research goals on this issue is how flexibility in environmental design impacts the relationship between flexibility and scale.   Conclusion The most important finding of this research suggests that first, it requires a focus on the conditions under which the processes of perceiving human abilities and discovering the needs of the human audience can manifest. The theoretical framework arises from a comparative approach between design disciplines. These conditions are independent of the final state of the design product, and strengthening the environmental capacities will lead to a direction and an area that includes environmental flexibility. By responding to new situations, the construction of the space and the body within a space building can be adapted to various configurations. Even though the environment may remain constant, the designed place will continue functioning as a strong living system over time.  It also seems that the nature of issues related to flexibility has complexity. Considering that the quality of flexibility in urban planning and architecture is significant in multilevel and multifaceted scales from micro to macro, it is important to pay attention to the scale of different variables. In order to reduce this problem, the consistency and adjustment of the scale of the variables measured in a specific analysis should be considered in the first step.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the saliency of workload has become more apparent in ergonomic studies. Workload can cause incident since it is directly related to unsafe situations at work. Therefore, it is important to measure workload in different occupations. This study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of driver activity load index questionnaire for assessing the mental load of drivers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 100 bus drivers operating in one of the manufacturing companies. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by academic and queue experts (lay experts). Additionally the reliability of this index was measured through employing Cronbach's alpha and intra-cluster correlation test on the data obtained from 10 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 18) software. Results: The mean age of participants was 50. 8 years with the standard deviation of 8. 29. Furthermore, the mean of work experience among drivers was 22. 18 years. The outcome of the Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient revealed that the reliability of the questionnaire was higher than 0. 7. Furthermore, intra-cluster correlation coefficient of the questionnaire was estimated higher than 0. 7 in all factors affecting the interference factor. The obtained results were indicative of moderate and optimum level of reliability. Conclusion: According to the results of validity and reliability indices, the driver activity load index questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable questionnaire in Iran to examine and measure the mental load of drivers.

2Introduction: Today, cancer is known as one of the biggest public health problems and the second cause of death in the world, and due to its high prevalence, it is considered as one of the main health problems all over the world. There are many treatment strategies, including chemotherapy, to treat cancer in patients. Chemotherapy is actually the use of antineoplastic drugs alone or in combination with other drugs. Of course, these drugs can also damage the function of healthy cells and cause many side effects. Anthracyclines are one of the most widely class of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and epirubicin are among the anthracycline drug group, the most widely used of which is doxorubicin, which causes cardiotoxicity in the patients undergoing chemotherapy, and unfortunately, there is no definite and reliable treatment for it. Various strategies have been used to reduce the toxic effects of doxorubicin on non-target tissues, including the use of medicinal plants, diet and various types of long-term exercises with the aim of increasing tissue antioxidant levels. Therefore, determining the appropriate exercise and nutrition program considering the physical conditions for cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy treatment is so important. Therefore, the current review study aimed to determine the effects of DOX cytotoxicity on heart tissue and the benefits of regular physical activity and curcumin supplementation were investigated and discussed. Conclusion: The use of curcumin with aerobic exercise is likely to be a potentially useful candidate to protect against the toxicity of blood cells caused by the drug doxorubicin, which is used to prevent the growth and progression of cancer cells in patients

The aim of present research in the first stage was to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using acid-acetone method and then nanoencapsulation of the pigment using maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating. In the next step, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin and the free form of the pigment was evaluated. In order to evaluate antibacterial activity of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus iniae, Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), Yersinia ruckeri, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes (Gram negative) were used. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin is significantly higher than the free form of pigment (p<0.05); In addition, this activity was improved by increasing the concentration of samples from 100 to 200 µg/ml (p<0.05). By astaxanthin nanoencapsulation, the diameter of non-growth zone of the studied bacteria increased (p<0.05), but minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the pigment and its carrier nanocapsules decreased (p<0.05). According to the results of zone of inhibition, Gram positive (except Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram negative bacteria were resistant up to concentrations of 60 and 80 µg/ml of samples, respectively. In the following, the MIC and MBC of the pigment (free and nanoencapsulated forms) for the seven bacteria ranged from 50 to 400 and 100 to 500 µg/ml, respectively. The results of evaluation the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin during storage period (30 days at 4ºC) indicated stability and no significant change of these properties (p>0.05). According to the values of diameter of non-growth zone, MIC and MBC, Listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive bacteria against astaxanthin and its carrier nanocapsules. Based on the findings, astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis has antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and these properties are improved by the pigment nanoencapsulation using maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling and destruction of the articular tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D and disease severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods: In this descriptive-analytic-sectional study was conducted in the city of Qom, Iran, 120 patients were enrolled based on the evaluation and consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria using convenience sampling method. The activity or severity of disease was determined based on the disease activity score 28 (DAS28) criteria.Findings: 92 patients (76.7%) were women and the mean age of the patients was 48.26 ± 13.28 years. The serum vitamin D level was lower than normal in 19 patients (15.8%). The severity of the disease was reported as severe in 54 patients (45%), average in 51 patients (42.5%) and minor in 15 patients (12.5%). There was no significant relationship between the disease activity based on criteria and serum level of vitamin D (P>0.05).Conclusion: According to the frequency and importance and effects of rheumatoid arthritis, more and more accurate and complete studies should be done in this area; then, the health departments can conclude details of preventive and curative approach in the context of the relationship between vitamin D and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity of Tanacetum balsamita L. essential oil. The essential oil was extracted using the water distillation method, and then the total phenolic content (using the Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (using the aluminium chloride colorimetric method), antioxidant activity (using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods), and antimicrobial activity (using disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods) were evaluated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the essential oil were found to be 29.50 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram and 14.90 mg quercetin equivalent per gram, respectively. The essential oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the ability to scavenge 50.40% and 53.55% of free radicals DPPH and ABTS, respectively. According to the results of disc diffusion agar method, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi were the most sensitive and resistant bacterial strains, respectively, with zone of inhibition diameters of 16 mm and 10.50 mm. The zone of inhibition diameters for these bacteria in the well diffusion agar method were obtained as 16.30 mm and 10.80 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for B. subtilis were determined as 4 mg/mL and 32 mg/mL, respectively, and for S. typhi, they were 64 mg/mL and greater than 512 mg/mL, respectively. According to the results, T. balsamita essential oil can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food products.